Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework

Section A.  Background

1. Biodiversity is fundamental to human well-being and a healthy planet, and economic prosperity for peoples living in harmony with nature [and [for addressing other multiple worldviews]/[Mother Earth, in the context of multiple worldviews]].; we depend on it for food, medicine, energy, clean air and water, security from natural disasters as well as recreation and cultural inspiration, and it supports all systems of life on earth.

2. The global biodiversity framework seeks to respond to the Global Assessment Report of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services issued by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) in 2019, fifth edition of the Global Biodiversity Outlook, and many other scientific documents provide ample evidence that, despite ongoing efforts, biodiversity is deteriorating worldwide at rates unprecedented in human history. As the IPBES Global Assessment report states:

An average of around 25 per cent of species in assessed animal and plant groups are threatened, suggesting that around 1 million species already face extinction, many within decades, unless action is taken to reduce the intensity of drivers of biodiversity loss. Without such action, there will be a further acceleration in the global rate of species extinction, which is already at least tens to hundreds of times higher than it has averaged over the past 10 million years.

…

The biosphere, upon which humanity as a whole depends, is being altered to an unparalleled degree across all spatial scales. Biodiversity – the diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems – is declining faster than at any time in human history.

…

Nature can be conserved, restored and used sustainably while other global societal goals are simultaneously met through urgent and concerted efforts fostering transformative change.

…

The direct drivers of change in nature with the largest global impact have been (starting with those with the most impact) changes in land and sea use, direct exploitation of organisms, climate change, pollution and invasion of alien species. Those five direct drivers result from an array of underlying causes, the indirect drivers of change, which are, in turn, underpinned by social values and behaviours (…)The rate of change in the direct and indirect drivers differs among regions and countries.

4. ​The post-2020 global biodiversity framework, building on the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 20112020, its achievements, gaps, and lessons learned, and the experience and achievements of other relevant multilateral environmental agreements, sets out an ambitious plan to implement broad-based action to bring about a transformation in our societies’ relationship with biodiversity by 2030, in line with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its Sustainable Development Goals, and ensure that, by 2050, the shared vision of living in harmony with nature is fulfilled.

Section B. Purpose

5. ​The framework aims to catalyze, enable and galvanize urgent and transformative action by Governments, subnational and local governments, and with the involvement of all of society to halt and reverse biodiversity loss, to achieve the outcomes it sets out in its vision, mission, goals and targets, and thereby to contribute to the three objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity, and to its Protocols. The purpose is the full implementation of the three objectives of the Convention in a balanced manner.

6. ​The framework is action- and results-oriented, and aims to guide and promote at all levels the revision, development, updating, and implementation of policies, goals, targets, national biodiversity strategies and actions plans, and to facilitate monitoring and review of progress at all levels, in a more transparent and responsible manner.

7. ​The framework promotes coherence, complementarity and cooperation between the Convention on Biological Diversity and its Protocols, other biodiversity related conventions, other relevant multilateral agreements and international institutions, respecting their mandates, and creates opportunities for cooperation and partnerships among the diverse actors to enhance implementation of the framework.

Section B bis. ​ Considerations for the implementation of the framework

8.​ The framework, including its Vision, Mission, Goals and Targets, is to be understood, acted upon, implemented, reported and evaluated, consistent with the following:

Contribution and rights of indigenous peoples and local communities

9.​The framework acknowledges the important roles and contributions of indigenous peoples and local communities as custodians of biodiversity and partners in the conservation, restoration and sustainable use. Its implementation must ensure their  rights, knowledge, including traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity, innovations, worldviews, values and practices of indigenous peoples and local communities are respected, documented, preserved  with their free, prior and informed consent,including through their full and effective participation in decision-making, in accordance with relevant national legislation,international instruments, including the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, and human rights law, [and UNDROP]. In this regard, nothing in this framework may be construed as diminishing or extinguishing the rights that indigenous peoples [and local communities] currently have or may acquire in the future.

Different value systems

10.​Nature embodies different concepts for different people, including biodiversity, ecosystems, Mother Earth, and systems of life. Nature’s contributions to people also embody different concepts, such as ecosystem goods and services and nature’s gifts. Both nature and nature’s contributions to people are vital for human existence and good quality of life, including human well-being, living in harmony with nature, living well in balance and harmony with Mother Earth. The framework recognizes and considers these diverse value systems and concepts [such as rights of nature and rights of Mother Earth,]as being an integral part of its successful implementation.

Whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach

11.​This is a framework for all for - the whole of government and the whole of society. Its success requires political will and recognition at the highest level of government, and relies on action and cooperation by all levels of government and by all actors of society

National circumstances, priorities and capabilities

12.​Each Party would contribute to attaining the goals andtargets, of the global biodiversity framework in accordance with national circumstances, priorities and capabilities.

Collective effort towards the targets

The Parties will catalyse implementation of the framework through mobilization of broad public support at all levels.

Right to development

14.​Recognizing the 1986 United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development, the framework enables responsible and sustainable socio-economic development that, at the same time, contributes to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.

[Human rights-based approach

15.​The implementation of the framework should follow a human rights-based approach respecting, protecting, promoting and fulfilling human rights. The framework acknowledges the human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment as recognised in UN General Assembly Resolution 76/300 of 28 July 2022.

[Gender-[responsiveness]

16.​Successful implementation of the framework will depend on ensuring gender equality and empowerment of women and girls and reducing inequalities,]

Fulfilment of the three objectives of the Convention and its Protocols and their balanced implementation

17.​The goals and targets of the framework are integrated and are intended to contribute in a balanced manner to the three objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity. The framework is to be implemented in accordance with with these objectives, with other provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity, and with the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing, as applicable.

Consistency with international agreements or instruments

18. ​The global biodiversity framework needs to be implemented in accordance with relevant international obligations. Nothing in this framework should be interpreted as agreement to modify the rights and obligations of a Party under the Convention or any other international agreement.

[[Principles of the Rio Declaration][A common concern of humankind]

19.​The framework recognizes that reversing the loss of biological diversity, for the benefit of all living beings, is a common concern of humankind. Its implementation should be guided by the principles of [the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development.] [reaffirms all the principles of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, including among others, the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities as presented in the principles of 7 of that declaration]

Science and innovation

20.​The implementation of the framework should be based on scientific evidence and traditional knowledge and practices, recognizing the role of science, technology and innovation, [in line with the precautionary approach and the ecosystem approach].

[Ecosystem based approaches [and Nature-based solutions]

21.​This framework is to be implemented based on the ecosystem approach of the Convention, [taking also into account the resolution on nature-based solutions adopted at the fifth session of the United Nations Environment Assembly, which defines nature-based solutions. ]

[Mother Earth Centred Action] 

Inter-generational equity

22.​The implementation of the framework should be guided by the principle of intergenerational equity which aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs and to ensure meaningful participation of younger generations in decision making processes at all levels.

Formal and informal education

23.​Implementation of the framework requires transformative, innovative and transdisciplinary education, formal and informal, at all levels, including science-policy interface studies and lifelong learning processes, recognizing diverse world views, values and knowledge systems of indigenous peoples and local communities.

Access to financial resources

24.​The full implementation of the framework requires adequate, predictable and easily accessible financial resources [from all sources, prioritizing public sources.]

Cooperation and synergies

25.​Enhanced collaboration, cooperation and synergies between the Convention on Biological Diversity and its protocols, other biodiversity-related conventions, other relevant multilateral agreements and international organizations and processes, in line with their respective mandates, including at the global, regional, subregional and national levels, would contribute to and promote the implementation of the global biodiversity framework in a more efficient and effective manner.

Section C.​Relationship with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

26.​The framework is a contribution to the achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. At the same time, progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals and the achievement of sustainable development in all its three dimensions (environmental, social and economic) is necessary to create the conditions necessary to fulfil the goals and targets of the framework.It will place biodiversity, its conservation, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, at the heart of the sustainable development agenda, recognizing the important linkages between biological and cultural diversity

Section D. Theory of change

27.​The framework is built around a theory of change which recognizes that urgent policy action is required globally, regionally and nationally to achieve sustainable development so that the drivers of undesirable change that have exacerbated biodiversity loss will be reduced and/or reversed to allow for the recovery of all ecosystems and to achieve the Convention’s vision of Living in Harmony with Nature by 2050.

Section E. 2050 Vision and 2030 mission

28.​The vision of the framework is a world of living in harmony with nature where: “By 2050, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all people.”

29.      The mission of the framework for the period up to 2030, towards the 2050 vision is:

To take urgent action to halt and reverse biodiversity loss [[to put nature on a path to recovery] [and][to achieve a nature positive world]], for the benefit of the planet and people [by conserving and sustainably using biodiversity, and ensuring the fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the use of genetic resources, while providing the necessary means of implementation].

Section F. 2050 Goals

33.​The framework has four long-term goals for 2050 related to the 2050 Vision for Biodiversity.

GOAL A

[Biodiversity is conserved]/ [The state of biodiversity is improved ]:

The integrity, connectivity and resilience of [all] [types of] ecosystems are maintained, enhanced, or [progressively] restored  [by 2030], [increasing] [or maintaining] the area  of natural ecosystems [by at least 5 per cent by 2030 and by [15] [20] per cent by 2050], [taking into account the natural state baseline] ;

[Human induced] extinction of [known] threatened species has been halted [from now] [by 2030], and [of all species] by 2050,extinction risk is reduced by at least [10][20] per cent by [2030], and [eliminated] [halved] by 2050 and the [average] abundance of [depleted populations of] [native] wild species is increased [by 20 per cent] [by 2030] , and to healthy and resilient levels by 2050;

And all genetically distinct populations, and [at least 95 per cent of] the genetic diversity within populations of  wild [native] and domesticated species, are maintained, safeguarding their adaptive potential.

GOAL B

Biodiversity is sustainably used and managed and nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services, are valued, maintained and enhanced, [with those currently in decline being restored [by 2030]], supporting the achievement of sustainable development [and [an equitable]/[a] reduction of the ecological footprint [of --%] by 2030] [within planetary boundaries is achieved].

Section G.  2030 action targets,

34.​The framework has 22 action-oriented targets for urgent action over the decade to 2030. The actions set out in each target need to be initiated immediately and completed by 2030. Together, the results will enable achievement of the 2030 milestones and of the outcome-oriented goals for 2050. Actions to reach these targets should be implemented consistently and in harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity and its Protocols and other relevant international obligations, taking into account national socioeconomic conditions.

1. Reducing threats to biodiversity

TARGET 1, +,

1a) [Address land-use and sea-use change [by ensuring that [all] areas are under] comprehensive, participatory and integrated biodiversity-inclusive spatial planning and/or other effective management processes [across all areas],] …

1b)  [Ensure that [all] areas are under participatory integrated biodiversity inclusive spatial planning and/or other effective management processes addressing land and sea use change,] …

2bbis) … [[to bring]/[to minimize] the loss of [ecosystems that are intact or hard to restore] and areas of high biodiversity importance [close to zero] [with all efforts]]/[to a minimum]] …

… enhancing ecological integrity and connectivity and maintaining ecosystem functions and services, , while respecting the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities[,in accordance with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and international human rights law].

TARGET 2,  

Ensure that at least [20] [30] [per cent] of areas of degraded terrestrial, inland[fresh] waters, coastal and marine [ecosystems][areas][comprising][including] at least [XX [million][billion]] hectares globally, are  under] effective restoration, in order to enhance biodiversity,[ including to increase area of natural and semi-natural ecosystems,] and ecosystem [functions and] services, ecological integrity and connectivity[, taking into account their natural state as a baseline [reference]]

TARGET 3 , ,

Ensure and enable at least [30 per cent] of [all] terrestrial and inland water areas]and [of] [all] [---]] coastal and marine areas [globally] [at the national level] especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services are effectively conserved and managed through ecologically representative, well-connected and equitably governed systems of [highly and fully] protected areas

[including a substantial portion that is strictly protected] and other effective area-based conservation measures, [and [indigenous] [traditional] territories] [, where applicable,]  [which prohibits environmentally damaging activities] and integrated into the wider land[-]/[scapes] and seascapes [and national and regional ecological networks], [in accordance with national priorities and capabilities,] [including the right to economic development, will not affect the right or ability of all Parties to access financial and other resources required for the effective implementation of the whole framework,] [while ensuring that [sustainable use] of these areas, if in place, contributes to biodiversity conservation,] [recognizing the contribution of indigenous peoples and local communities to their management] and [respecting] the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities.

Temporary placeholder:

[[all land and of [seas] [ocean] areas [including] all ecosystems] [all terrestrial, inland waters, coastal and marine ecosystems] [ecosystems as defined by Article 2 of the Convention] [terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems],

Subject to B.Bis and other relevant targets:

[including] [over their lands, territories and resources] [, with their free, prior and informed consent] [, [and [including] acting] in accordance with [United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and international human rights law] [national [circumstances and] legislation [and] [as well as] relevant international instruments] [, where applicable]].

TARGET 4,

Ensure urgent management actions, for  the recovery and conservation of species, in particular threatened species,  [to prevent human induced extinctions and reduce extinction risk] as well as to maintain and restore the genetic diversity within and between populations of  native, wild and domesticated species [to maintain their adaptive potential], including through in situ and ex situ conservation and sustainable management practices, and effectively manage human-wildlife interactions  to  minimize human-wildlife conflict for coexistence.

TARGET 5,

Ensure that the use, harvesting and trade of wild species is sustainable, safe and legal, [effectively regulated][in accordance with international obligations], [and traceable], preventing overexploitation [and pathogen spillover], minimizing impacts on non-target species and ecosystems, and [where applicable,] applying the ecosystem approach[and take urgent action to eliminate illegal trade and use of wild species and[illegal and [unsustainable, commercial] [and other utilisation of genetic resources][biopiracy and other][all] forms of illegal access to and transfer of genetic resources] and associated traditional knowledge as well as its misappropriation], while respecting and protecting customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities.

TARGET 6,

Eliminate, minimize, reduce and or mitigate the impacts of invasive alien species on  biodiversity and ecosystem services by identifying and managing pathways of the introduction of [invasive] alien species, preventing the introduction and establishment of priority invasive alien species, reducing the rates of [introduction] [and/or] [establishment] of other known or [potential] invasive alien species by [at least 50 per cent][globally][respectively], eradicating or controlling invasive alien species especially in priority sites, such as islands [, including through the use of innovative tools and instruments]

TARGET 7

Reduce pollution risks and [the negative impact of]pollution from all sources , to levels that are not harmful to biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, considering cumulative effects, including by [significantly reducing excess nutrients lost to the environment [by at least half] and through more efficient nutrient cycling and use, and reducing the overall [risk from][use of][chemical pesticides][highly hazardous chemicals][, based on scientific assessments and in accordance with WTO [and other relevant international organisations] rules][consistent and in harmony with the Convention and other relevant international obligations] [by at least half]/[ [by at least two thirds] [including through integrated pest management], taking into account food security and livelihoods [and preventing, reducing, and working towards eliminating plastic pollution]

TARGET 8

Minimize the impact of climate change [and ocean acidification] on biodiversity and increase its resilience through mitigation, adaptation, and disaster risk reduction actions, [addressing loss and damage] including through [nature-based solutions] [and ecosystem-based approaches],[and including by conserving and restoring high carbon ecosystems] [based on [equity][and rights based approaches and] common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities], [contributing [by 2030] to at least 10 Gt CO2equivalent per year to global mitigation efforts][and [minimize][avoid] negative and foster positive impacts of climate action on biodiversity].

2. Meeting people’s needs through sustainable use and benefit-sharing

TARGET 9,

Ensure that the management and use of wild species are sustainable,thereby providing social, economic and environmental benefits for people, especially those in vulnerable situations and those most dependent on biodiversity, including through sustainable biodiversity-based products and services that enhance biodiversity [including sustainable conservation hunting], and protecting and encouraging customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities.

TARGET 10,

Ensure that [all] areas under agriculture, aquaculture, [fisheries], forestry, [and other productive uses] are managed sustainably, in particular through the sustainable use of biodiversity, and promoting[sustainable agricultural practices] / [biodiversity-friendly practices,[including agroecological systems and ecosystem approaches, as appropriate]], [in at least 25% of agricultural land,] [substantially increasing sustainable intensification through innovation, including by scaling up beneficial biotechnology applications for agricultural productivity and stimulating the development of climate-resilient crops, eliminating and phasing out trade-distorting agricultural subsidies, supporting the establishment of seed banks in developing countries], contributing to [the long-term] [efficiency, productivity and] resilience of these production systems, conserving and restoring biodiversity and maintaining nature’s contribution to people, including ecosystem services and functions.

[and develop sector-specific action plans for sustainable use based on agro-ecology and ecosystem approaches and environmental principles and in close cooperation with custodians of biodiversity, in particular smallholder farmers, indigenous food systems and women]

TARGET 11,

Restore, maintain and enhance nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services, such as regulation of air, water, and climate, soil health, and pollination, as well as protection from natural hazards and disasters, through [nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based approaches], [and Mother-Earth centric actions,] [especially in areas nationally identified as priorities for delivering these services] [the places most important for delivering these services,] [including through payment for environmental services] for the benefit of all peoples and nature.

TARGET 12,

Significantly increase the area and quality and connectivity of, access to, and benefits from green and blue spaces in urban and densely populated areas sustainably, by mainstreaming the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and ensure biodiversity-inclusive urban planning, enhancing native biodiversity, ecological connectivity and integrity, and improving human health and well-being and connection to nature and contributing to inclusive and sustainable urbanization and the provision of ecosystem functions and services.

TARGET 13

Take effective legal, policy, administrative and capacity-building measures at all levels, as appropriate, in accordance with applicable international access and benefit-sharing instruments, that are consistent with and do not run counter to the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity, including the Nagoya Protocol, as applicable, to [facilitate a substantial increase] [ and with the aim of ensuring] the fair and equitable sharing of benefits that arise from the utilization of genetic resources [in any form] [including digital sequence information on genetic resources] [and biological resources] [and derivatives] and traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources, [[including] by facilitating] [and to facilitate] [appropriate] access to genetic resources [for environmentally sound uses] [, and by increasing capacity-building and development, technical and scientific cooperation], [by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, respect for all rights involved, and by appropriate funding] [contributing to generating new and additional resources for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use].

[Target 13 bis. By 2023 establish a global multilateral benefit-sharing mechanism that is fully operational by 2025 [2030].]

3. Tools and solutions for implementation and mainstreaming

TARGET 14

Ensure the full integration of biodiversity and its multiple valuesinto policies, regulations, planning and development processes,poverty eradication strategies, strategic environmental assessments, environmental impact assessments and, as appropriate, national accounting, within and across all levels of government and across allsectors, in particular those with significant impacts on biodiversity,progressively aligning all relevant public and private activities, fiscal and financial flows with the goals and targets of thisframework.

TARGET 15

Take legal, administrative or policy measures to encourage and enable business and in particular ensure that large as well as transnational companies and financial institutions :

(a) Regularly monitor, assess, and transparently disclose their [risks, dependencies and] impacts on biodiversity [including with mandatory requirements] for all large [as well as][and]transnational companies and financial institutions [along their operations, supply and value chains and portfolios];[[against] [taking into account] relevant international recognized reporting framework under development][in line with national legislation] 

(b) Provide information needed to consumers to promote sustainable consumption patterns;

(c) [Comply and report on access and benefit-sharing, as applicable;]

(d) [Follow a rights-based approach] [, including human rights and the rights of Mother Earth.]

in order to [significantly] reduce [by half] negative impacts on biodiversity, increase positive impacts, reduce biodiversity-related risks to business and financial institutions, and promote actions to ensure sustainable patterns of production [foster a circular economy] [, consistent and in harmony with the Convention and other international obligations, together with Government regulations.]

TARGET 18,

Identify [by 2025] and [eliminate, phase out or reform]/ [reform or phase out]incentives, including subsidies, harmful for biodiversity, in a proportionate, just, fair, effective and equitable way, while substantially and progressively reducing them [by at least 500 billion United States dollars per year,] starting with the most harmful incentives,  and [scale up positive incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, noting the important role of indigenous people and local communitiesconsistent and in harmony with relevant international obligations